Recognizing and understanding some of the disorders common in children is the first step.

Mood Disorders

Major depression, manic depressive disorder (also called bipolar disorder) and mania are disorders which cause change in a child's mood. Depression is considered to be the most common mental disorder. It is often mistaken for "the blues" and therefore goes untreated. Depression is caused by a number of factors, from chemical imbalances to environmental influences to genetics.

Major depression causes people to feel hopeless, exhausted and useless. More than changes in mood, major depression can cause problems with sleep, appetite, self-esteem, daily activities and physical health.

Manic depressive disorder (bipolar disorder) causes swings from deep depression to abnormal elation or "highs." Hyperactivity, scattered ideas, easy distraction, irritability and recklessness also occur in bipolar disorder during manic episodes.

Anxiety Disorders

Certain fears are common in children. But when they don't go away with time, they may be a sign of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders come in many forms and may be experienced differently in each person. However, their common factor is a feeling of constant terror, dread or worry beyond one's normal reactions to danger.

Phobias are irrational fears of objects or situations which cannot be overcome with reasonable explanations or actions. Not to be confused with simple childhood fears that go away with time, like a fear of the dark, phobias are so extreme that they cause major disruption to the victim's life.

Specific phobias are typically fears of particular objects or situations. The most common are fears of animals, fears of heights, fears of enclosed spaces and fears of flying.

Social phobias cause people to dread being watched or humiliated while doing something of a social nature, such as eating a meal or giving a speech, due to expectation of negative evaluation. Some people with social phobias fear and avoid any contact with others.

People with agoraphobia often have panic attacks and fear being in situations in which they cannot get help or escape. Often, this paralyzing fear causes its sufferers to remain isolated in their homes.

Separation anxiety disorder is marked by intense anxiety or panic when separated from parents or ther loved ones. This disorder can be so extreme that it disrupts normal activities. Often children with separation anxiety disorder will cling to their parents or stay close wherever they go. They may refuse to play outside, spend the night with a friend, or even go on errands. This disorder is also characterized by physical ailments, such as headaches, nausea and vomiting, and even heart palpitations and dizziness. Separation anxiety can explain why many children refuse to attend school.

Conduct disorders are thought to be the single largest group of psychiatric illnesses in young people. Often beginning before teen years, the symptoms of these problems are frequently mistaken for juvenile delinquency or the turmoil of growing up. Some common behaviors include stealing, consistent lying, cruelty, deliberate destruction of property, fighting with or without weapons, or even rape.

There are many studies into the biological, psychological and sociological causes of conduct disorders, but like many other disorders, conduct disorders are probably caused by a number of factors. Conduct disorders will not go away with age, and therefore treatment is critical.

Attention-Deficit Disorder

Attention-deficit disorder (ADD) affects a child's ability to concentrate, learn and maintain a normal level of activity. Excessive activity, impatience, constant distraction, shifting from one activity to another and restless sleeping are common to ADD. But these behaviors may develop as a result of other problems, like an inability to see or hear adequately, or another physical or emotional illness. A physician should conduct a thorough medical examination to diagnose ADD and/or rule out other possible problems.

Autism

Autism is the most disabling of pervasive development disorders, a series of disorders that affect intellectual skills; responses to senses; and the ability to communicate. Autistic children fail to develop normal relationships with anyone, including parents. As infants, they may resist affection or consistently cling to someone. As they grow older, they may not seek comfort if they are hurt, and they generally like to play alone. Autistic children have difficulty communicating because they don't develop language skills. They may not use words correctly, or they may develop a language all their own.

Sometimes autistic children go through repetitive body movements. They may become preoccupied with or extremely attached to particular objects. Autistic children usually require order in their environment and usually follow strict routines.

By Seth Miller

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